TCI Global Toolkit: Service Delivery
Integrated Outreach
What Is It?
The provision of health services by trained service providers outside health facilities. By taking health care services to communities, service providers reach people who may not normally have easy access to or are less likely to attend facility services. Integrated outreach venues may take place in temporary facilities, such as vehicles or tents, but often they take place in schools, religious buildings or social/town halls. Integrated outreach is also known as community or mobile outreach.
How TCI-Supported Geographies Operationalize this Approach
In Taraba and Bauchi states in NIgeria, the health facilities already have a robust structure for routine immunization outreaches. Leveraging onto this, TCI supported the governments to integrate family planning into the already existing outreach programs. First, an orientation meeting was organized for relevant stakeholders and participants with technical assistance from TCI. Key stakeholders included Director Primary Health Care (DPHC), State Reproductive Health/Family Planning Coordinator and relevant local government (LGA) Family Planning Coordinators. Then, TCI coached service providers and LGA Family Planning Coordinators on how to plan for family planning services within existing outreach programs, like maternal, newborn and child health services (MNCH) and immunizations. This includes coaching on effective strategies for integration including integrated health talks and counseling that covers MNCH and family planning and providing family planning service provision alongside other MNCH services. At the same time, state and LGA Health Educators, with TCI coaching support, train social mobilizers to mobilize people for family planning services ensuring collaboration between service providers and social mobilizers. All integrated family planning outreaches are linked to strong community-based social mobilization, ensuring high levels of community endorsement and support and complemented by partnership with religious and traditional leaders in TCI-supported LGAs.
How the Implementation Experience Differs between East Africa and Nigeria
In East Africa, there has been an increased uptake of long-acting and reversible contraceptives (LARCs) attributable to integrated family planning outreaches in TCI-supported geographies. Outreach services contributed about 30% of LARCs services provided within supported sites in 2018/9.
While, in Nigeria, integrated outreaches are more effective in promoting the uptake of short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARCs) than LARCs because of the challenges of getting a sterile environment for LARCs in community settings in Nigeria.
What Are the Benefits?
- Family planning and other related health services are provided as a package.
- By providing these services in venues outside health facilities, health teams are able to reach community members who otherwise might not be willing or able to seek or access health care.
- The provision of integrated services may help reduce stigma for some health services, such as family planning, HIV or tuberculosis.
How to Implement?
Assess Community Needs, Issues and Resources
Assess the community’s need for integrated outreach services: what areas have low access to services and what types of services should be made available through outreach? Individual or groups discussions can help highlight what facilitators for or barriers to providing services should be addressed prior to implementation and what resources are available within the communities to support outreach services. Some communities may require outreach services to include basic emergency services.
Health care providers should review community data and indicators like unmet need to identify a site that is:
- Easily accessible
- Has a relatively high population density and
- Available amenities such as toilets and clean water
A mapping exercise for women and youth can also help determine an ideal location.
Identify and Prepare Outreach Site
Choosing the right site for providing integrated outreach services is important. It should:
- Be centrally located
- Provide privacy for clients
- Meet the storage, hygiene/infection prevention and safety needs for the services being provided and the population being targeted
Appropriate outreach sites may be temporary facilities – such as vehicles or tents – or existing buildings, such as schools, religious buildings or social/town halls.
Maximize Outreach through Service Integration
Integrating and packaging family planning services with other related health services, such as HIV testing and counseling, sexual and reproductive health services, child health care and immunization can help generate demand for family planning. However, you should limit the number and types of services provided based on availability of trained staff, commodities and supplies and appropriate facilities in which to conduct outreach activities. In Kenya, TCI limits the number of services integrated to three or four.
During the planning process, consider how to sustain outreach services. For example:
- Conduct advocacy with national, county/state, district and community stakeholders to ensure resources are allocated and available and that integrated outreach activities are included in the appropriate budget and plans.
- Allow county/state health teams to plan, coordinate and manage integrated outreach activities.
- Use cost-sharing to limit the expense of activities for each stakeholder.
- Leverage community and district resources to help minimize costs.
Collaborate with County/state, District and Community Health Management Teams
Collaborate with local stakeholders to ensure outreach services are incorporated into annual plans and budgets. Work with local health officials to gain approval for scheduling outreach activities and permissions for the outreach site, if necessary. Approval may also be needed from other government agencies that manage the environment or local government, depending on the scope of the integrated outreach activities. Planning must consider the operations of existing facilities and community events in order to avoid clashing purposes or low turnout.
In Kenya, the county health management teams lead the coordination and management of and carry out the implementation of outreach activities. Stakeholders contributed by providing resources and technical assistance.
Collect and Prepare Materials for Outreach Activities
Collect and prepare supplies, commodities, equipment and promotional materials, based on what services will be provided and what type of venue will be used. In Kenya, TCI underscores the need to project, quantify and procure family planning commodities and expendable supplies in advance and, for health services providing integrated outreach, to consider the planning and acquisition of materials as part of their routine. Resource mobilization should be done well in advance of the planned outreach activities.
Ensure Quality Service by Trained Staff
County, state or district management teams should ensure the staff who will be providing outreach services are appropriately trained.
Mobilize Communities
Engage community health workers (CHWs) to mobilize communities to participate in integrated outreach. CHWs may conduct door-to-door mobilization activities, distribute and/or post flyers and posters and provide information at community meetings about upcoming outreach services.
Monitor and Evaluate Activities
Monitoring activities should measure the extent to which services are integrated and the quality of the integrated services and the facilities in which they are offered. Post-outreach meetings provide an opportunity to review any operational or logistical issues that arose and discuss the quality of services provided, in order to inform future integrated outreach activities. In Kenya, TCI uses two indicators to measure success:
- The number of integrated outreach sessions conducted within the catchment area
- The proportion of clients reached through outreach activities
What Is the Evidence?
Nigeria
The two charts below show the number of people reached through integrated outreaches versus the number of outreaches conducted by TCI demonstration sites in both Taraba and Bauchi states.
Taraba integrated outreach results (source: PMIS-2020-2021).
Bauchi integrated outreach results. (source: PMIS-2020-2021)
Evidence from the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (URHI)
Between 2011 and 2015, Kenya’s Tupange family planning outreach services reached poor populations in urban centers. In the five Tupange-supported sites, outreach services contributed to about 30% of long-acting and reversible contraceptive services provided by the project. By the end of 2013, more than 50,000 clients had received family planning through the integrated outreach of family planning, reproductive and child health services.
Between 2011 and 2015, 425,974 women accepted new forms of contraception, thanks to passionate and dedicated community health workers who drove outreach efforts.
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Helpful Tips
- To best measure the reach of outreach activities, it is important to consider the following:
- Collect field data and collate these data with facility data.
- Consider maintaining separate registers if outreach services are part of routine services provided.
- Use previous data to help inform the planning of follow-up activities and additional outreach services.
- Consider which services should be integrated, taking into account staff skills, cost savings and convenience for clients.
Challenges
- Implementation of outreach services may be limited by financial constraints, inadequate commodities and supplies, low demand for communities and services, lack of transportation and/or no follow-up care and support provided.
- Integrating too many services can overwhelm and overextend staff. When planning integrated outreach, limit the number of services to be integrated to two or three related health issues.
